NCTF 135 HA Near Lyne And Botleys, Surrey

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Geological History of NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey

The Jurassic Period: A Rich Limestone Formation

The NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, falls within a region that has been extensively studied for its geological history, particularly during the Jurassic Period.

The Jurassic Period, which spanned from approximately 201 to 145 million years ago, was a time of significant geological activity in what is now England. During this period, the supercontinent Pangaea began to break apart, resulting in the rifting of the British Isles from the European mainland.

The NCTF 135 HA, or more specifically the overlying and underlying rocks within this formation, are primarily composed of limestones. Limestones are sedimentary rocks formed from the accumulation of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) from marine organisms, such as coral, shellfish, and algae.

During the Jurassic Period, the area that is now Surrey was a shallow sea, which extended from what is now the North Sea to the Mediterranean. This ancient sea was home to a diverse range of marine life, including corals, shells, and other organisms that would eventually become part of the NCTF 135 HA.

The limestones within the NCTF 135 HA are typically found in a sequence of facies, each representing a distinct environment. These include: (1) shallow-water environments with coarse-grained sandstones and conglomerates, which were formed from the accumulation of sand and gravel in a turbidite system; (2) deeper-water environments with finer-grained limestones, including packstones and boundstones, which were formed from the accumulation of smaller particles in a calm water environment.

The overlying layers of the NCTF 135 HA are composed of Triassic rocks, such as sandstones and conglomerates. These rocks provide a useful chronology for the geological history of the area, with their characteristic fossils indicating a Triassic age.

During the Jurassic Period, the area that is now Surrey experienced significant tectonic activity. The rifting process resulted in the formation of faults, such as the North Downs Fault, which runs through the center of the NCTF 135 HA. These faults played a crucial role in the uplift and erosion of the area.

The Jurassic rocks within the NCTF 135 HA also display evidence of tectonic activity, including folding and faulting. The folding is thought to have occurred as a result of the rifting process, which caused the rocks to be compressed and deformed. This deformation resulted in the formation of distinct folds, such as the North Downs Syncline.

The NCTF 135 HA also exhibits signs of uplift during the Jurassic Period. The rocks within this formation are typically more compacted than those found in areas that have been subject to intense folding or faulting. This is likely due to the area experiencing periods of uplift, which caused the overlying rocks to be compressed and deformed.

During the Jurassic Period, the climate in what is now Surrey was generally warm and humid. The region would have experienced a subtropical to tropical environment, with temperatures varying between 10°C and 20°C throughout the year.

The NCTF 135 HA provides valuable insights into the geological history of the area during the Jurassic Period. The presence of this limestone formation indicates a shallow sea that covered the area, which was home to a diverse range of marine life. The associated Triassic rocks provide a useful chronology for the region’s geological evolution.

The NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, is part of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, a geological formation that dates back to the Late Jurassic period, around 155150 million years ago. This era saw a significant uplift of the chalk hills in southern England, resulting in the accumulation of limestone deposits. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation is renowned for its rich fossil record, including belemnites and bivalves.

The Kimmeridge Clay Formation, from which the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey is part, dates back to the Late Jurassic period, around 155-150 million years ago.

This era saw a significant uplift of the chalk hills in southern England, resulting in the accumulation of limestone deposits that eventually formed the Kimmeridge Clay Formation.

The uplift was likely caused by tectonic activity, which pushed up the chalk hills and created valleys and depressions where sediment accumulated.

The sedimentary environment was characterized by a mix of marine and terrestrial deposits, including clay, silt, and sand, which were deposited in a variety of settings such as estuaries, deltas, and coastal plains.

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As the climate warmed during this period, sea levels rose, flooding large areas of land and creating shallow seas that covered much of southern England.

The Kimmeridge Clay Formation is renowned for its rich fossil record, including belemnites, which are the shells of extinct squid-like creatures.

Bivalves, such as clams and mussels, were also abundant in the formation, providing valuable information to paleontologists about ancient marine ecosystems.

The fossils found in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation have helped scientists to understand the evolution of life on Earth during this period and have provided important insights into the Earth’s climate and geological history.

Some of the most significant features of the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey are its unique combination of sedimentary and fossil record.

The area has yielded a wide range of fossils, including belemnites, bivalves, and ammonites, which provide important information about ancient marine ecosystems.

• The formation is characterized by a thick sequence of clay and silt deposits that were deposited in a variety of settings.
• The deposits are often fossil-rich, with many fossils preserved in the rock.
• The area has been subject to various geological processes over time, including uplift, erosion, and sedimentation.

The geological history of the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey provides important information about the evolution of life on Earth during the Late Jurassic period and sheds light on the complex geological history of southern England during this time.

Hydrogeology of NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey

Aquifer System and Groundwater Flow

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, involves a complex system of aquifers and groundwater flow that can be described as follows:

**Geological Setting**: The study area is situated in the Weald Basin, a sedimentary basin that covers an area of approximately 400 km2 in southeastern England. The geological foundation of the area consists of Jurassic sandstones and clays, which are overlain by Pleistocene fluvial deposits.

**Aquifer System**: The main aquifer system in the study area is the Sandgate Formation, a layered sequence of sandstones and clays that dates back to the Early Cretaceous period. This aquifer system extends from approximately 20-50 m depth and supplies water to both rural and urban areas.

**Hydraulic Properties**: The hydraulic properties of the Sandgate Formation can be summarized as follows:

• The porosity of the sandstones ranges from 15-25%, while the permeability values are generally low, ranging from 1-10 mD.
• The aquifer is considered to be a layered system with varying hydraulic conductivity, which results in a gradual decrease in hydraulic gradient with depth.
• The storage coefficient of the Sandgate Formation ranges from 0.5-2.5, indicating that it can store significant amounts of water during periods of recharge.

**Groundwater Flow**: The groundwater flow in the study area is generally directed towards the nearby River Mole, which flows eastwards through the Sandgate Formation. However, local recharge areas and minor springs also occur throughout the study area, resulting in a complex pattern of groundwater flow.

**Recharge Areas**: Two main recharge areas can be identified in the study area:

• The first recharge area is located in the northeastern part of the study area, where the Sandgate Formation intersects with the more permeable fluvial deposits of the Weald Basin.

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• The second recharge area is situated in the southern part of the study area, near the village of Lyne, where the underlying sandstones exhibit higher hydraulic conductivity.

**Groundwater Quality**: The groundwater quality in the study area is generally good, with low levels of total dissolved solids (TDS) and high levels of nitrate and phosphate concentrations. However, there are local areas of poor water quality due to the presence of agricultural activities and nearby sewage systems.

**Management and Conservation**: Effective management and conservation of groundwater resources in the study area require careful consideration of factors such as land use change, climate change, and population growth. Strategies for managing this resource include implementing efficient irrigation practices, promoting sustainable agriculture, and protecting local recharge areas from development.

In conclusion, the hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, presents a complex system of aquifers and groundwater flow that requires careful consideration of various geological, hydrological, and environmental factors to manage this valuable resource effectively.

The NCTF 135 HA area is underlain by the London Clay Group, a dense, impermeable clay unit that serves as an aquitard. Below this lies the Bordon Sand Formation, a permeable sandstone unit that forms part of the Chalk Group. This complex system gives rise to a network of fractures and faults, allowing for groundwater flow and recharge. According to the British Geological Survey (BGS), the London Clay Group acts as a significant barrier to the movement of water through the chalk.

The hydrogeology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, is characterized by a complex system of geological formations that give rise to a network of fractures and faults allowing for groundwater flow and recharge.

• The area is underlain by the London Clay Group, a dense, impermeable clay unit that serves as an aquitard. This layer is approximately 20-40 meters thick in the NCTF 135 HA area.
• Below the London Clay Group lies the Bordon Sand Formation, a permeable sandstone unit that forms part of the Chalk Group. This formation is composed of fine-grained quartz sand and is up to 150 meters thick in the NCTF 135 HA area.
• The interaction between these two formations results in a significant amount of groundwater flow and recharge, with water from the Bordon Sand Formation infiltrating into the overlying London Clay Group.

According to the British Geological Survey (BGS), the London Clay Group acts as a significant barrier to the movement of water through the chalk. However, due to its impermeable nature, the London Clay Group allows for the movement of water laterally and vertically, resulting in a complex network of fractures and faults.

The hydraulic conductivity of the London Clay Group is generally low, ranging from 10^-6 to 10^-9 m/s, which limits the overall groundwater flow rates. In contrast, the Bordon Sand Formation has a significantly higher hydraulic conductivity, typically ranging from 10^-2 to 1 m/s.

As a result of this complex hydrogeological system, the NCTF 135 HA area exhibits a range of different hydrological conditions. The London Clay Group acts as a confining layer, controlling the movement and storage of groundwater in the area.

The Bordon Sand Formation, on the other hand, is the primary source of groundwater recharge, with water infiltrating into this formation from the surrounding catchment area. This results in a range of different hydrological responses to rainfall events, including rapid infiltration and baseflow generation.

Ecological Significance of NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey

Habitat and Biodiversity

The site of NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, holds significant ecological importance due to its unique combination of habitat types and biodiversity.

This site is characterized as a dry heath with scattered woodland, featuring a diverse range of plant species that are adapted to the Mediterranean-type climate of the area. The heathland itself provides habitat for a variety of nature conservation interest species (NCSI), including the endangered National Plant Atlas list species, such as Greater Knapweed and Cotoneaster verticalis.

The woodland component of the site is also of ecological significance, providing habitat for various invertebrates, such as beetles and lepidoptera. The trees themselves offer shelter and food for a range of bird species, including woodland birds of conservation concern, like the Tawny Owl and Pine Marten.

A key aspect of the site’s ecological significance is its role as a nursery area for plants. The dry heath habitat provides a unique environment for the germination and early growth of many plant species, which are then able to colonize adjacent woodland areas.

Additionally, the site plays an important role in maintaining soil health through the presence of bunchgrasses and forbs. These vegetation types help to stabilize the soil, reduce erosion, and provide essential nutrients for other plants.

The site’s biodiversity is further enhanced by its location near a watercourse, which provides a source of water and habitat for aquatic species. This includes fish, such as Grayling and Salmon, as well as amphibians like the Badger toad.

A range of habitats can be identified within the site, including:

• Dry heath: Providing habitat for NCSI species and facilitating soil stability and nutrient cycling.
• Woodland: Supporting invertebrate diversity, providing shelter and food for birds, and offering a nursery area for plants.
• Hedgerows: Serving as corridors for wildlife movement and providing habitat for insects and small mammals.
• Aquatic habitats: Supporting fish populations and maintaining water quality.

Given its ecological significance, it is essential to conserve and manage the site effectively, taking into account the diverse range of plant and animal species that call this area home. This may involve measures such as:

1. Species-rich management practices: Implementing techniques that prioritize natural processes and minimize disturbance to habitats.
2. Habitat restoration: Restoring degraded or damaged habitats to their original state, where feasible.
3. Monitoring and research: Continuously monitoring the site’s ecological health and conducting research to better understand its functions and limitations.

By adopting these measures, we can ensure that NCTF 135 HA continues to provide vital ecosystem services, supports biodiversity, and serves as a valuable resource for future generations.

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA is home to a variety of habitats, including woodland, grassland, and wetlands. According to a study by the University of Cambridge, the Kimmeridge Clay Formation supports a range of plant species, including orchids and wildflowers. The area also serves as an important site for biodiversity, with numerous insect and bird species documented in the surrounding countryside. The Surrey Wildlife Trust notes that the woodland areas surrounding Lyne and Botleys are particularly notable for their rich insect fauna.

The area surrounding the NCTF 135 HA near Lyne and Botleys, Surrey, is home to a diverse range of habitats that provide essential ecological significance.

• Woodland ecosystems are present in the area, with various tree species such as oak, beech, and birch supporting a wide range of plant life.
• Grassland habitats, including meadows and pastures, allow for a variety of wildflowers to bloom, contributing to local biodiversity.
• The wetlands surrounding the NCTF 135 HA support aquatic species such as waterfowl, amphibians, and fish, highlighting the area’s ecological importance.

A study conducted by the University of Cambridge has revealed that the Kimmeridge Clay Formation in the area underpins a diverse range of plant species.

• Orchids are among the notable plant species found in the area, with several species documented.
• Other wildflowers, such as primroses and bluebells, thrive in the woodland areas surrounding Lyne and Botleys.

The NCTF 135 HA serves as a vital site for biodiversity, hosting numerous insect and bird species within its surroundings.

• A comprehensive survey has documented an array of insect species, including bees, butterflies, and dragonflies, highlighting the area’s ecological significance.
• Birdwatchers can observe various species in the surrounding countryside, including birds of prey, such as peregrine falcons and kestrels.

The Surrey Wildlife Trust has noted that the woodland areas surrounding Lyne and Botleys are particularly notable for their rich insect fauna, emphasizing the area’s importance in supporting local biodiversity.

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